Answer: Kashmir being a cold region. 10. [3][11], This period also brought out, for the first time, the burial customs of the Neolithic people. Name some important sites where archaeologists have found evidence of farmers and herders. In the next stage (Ceramic Neolithic/Period II) structures in mud or mud bricks with regular floors made of rammed karewa soil, often reusing erstwhile pits by filling in with mud and finished by plastering a layer of mud, covered with a thin coat of red ochre as well as timbre showing evolution in construction techniques. B. Mehrgarh. [3][11], Carbon dating established that the Neolithic culture of this site was traceable to the 3rd millennium BC, the earliest occupation at the site was dated to before 2,357 BC. Neolithic Culture represents the beginning of settled life with evidence of farming and domestication of animals. In Burzahom (in present-day Kashmir) people built pit-houses, which were dug into the ground, with steps leading into them. Archaeologists have also found fire places both inside and outside the huts which suggests that, depending on the weather people could cook food either indoors or outdoors. The core aspects of the Burzahom Neolithic seem to have originated and organically evolved on the soil of Kashmir, and bear an exceptional testimony to a cultural tradition which has now largely disappeared. The site could be compared to inscribed properties like - Prehistoric Pile dwellings around the Alps of Europe, Neolithic Flint Mines at Spiennes (Mons) of Belgium, Choirokoitia of Cyprus, Ecosystem and Relict Cultural Landscape of Lopé-Okanda of Gabon, Brú na Bóinne - Archaeological Ensemble of the Bend of the Boyne of Ireland, Sites of Human Evolution at Mount Carmel: The Nahal Me’arot / Wadi el-Mughara Caves of Israel, Archaeological Heritage of the Lenggong Valley of Malaysia and the Stonehenge, Avebury and Associated Sites of United Kingdoms among others. Archaeologists have come across signs of huts and houses in Burzahom. The unearthed Antiquities (of art, architecture, customs and rituals) indicate that the prehistoric people of the Burzahom established contact with Central Asia and South West Asia and also had links to the Gangetic plains and peninsular India. …same is the case at Burzahom in the Vale of Kashmir, where deep pit dwellings are associated with ground stone axes, bone tools, and gray burnished pottery. In Germany they are known as Grubenhäuser, and in the United Kingdom, they are also known as grubhuts, grubhouses or sunken featured buildings. The earliest remains of pit burial is ascribed to the Period II. The nominated property with its entire cultural equipment range has potential for future excavation and other avenues of research which is surely ripe with new set of information throwing a welcome light on the formative stages of culture and civilization in this part of the world. [2] Periods I and II represent the Neolithic era; Period III the Megalithic era (of massive stone menhirs and wheel turned red pottery); and Period IV relates to the early Historical Period (Post-megalithic period). Questions are based on the static part of … Khazanchi and his associates. Two female skulls, different from the male skulls, were also reported. The location is in a high terrace which is part of the flood of the Jhelum river and has Karewa soil (clay) formation. The Neolithic property at Burzahom provides a detailed insight into the material equipment of the Neolithic people when they even did not have invented technique of pottery manufacturing. They found evidences of various grains at different sites in Bihar, UP, Burzahom and Andhra Pradesh. More Contacts Site Map Become a member Donate Now! This is an addendum to: Nal se jal revolution on the anvil. 2. [3][11] A very impressive painted pottery ware recovered from this period was a globular red ware pot made on a turntable; the painting on the pot was of a wild goat of black colour with long horns and hanging ears. These may have provided shelter in cold weather. Ans : Herding. The other stone slab is 48–27 centimetres (19–11 in) which depicts, on one polished side, sketches of hunting scenes such as a hunter spearing (with a Ker) an antlered deer and another hunter in the process of releasing an arrow, and a sketch of the movement of the Sun, at two levels. D. Hallur . The village falls between two nallahs (streams) on an extensive deposit of Karewa (elevated table-land) where people used to live in ancient times. toppr. [3][7], The extensive excavations done at this site, unearthing stratified cultural deposits, were the first of their type in Kashmir. [20][13], Period IV (dated to the 3rd–4th century AD), the last phase of human occupation at Burzahom, was related to the early Historical Period. Upvote(5) How satisfied are you with the answer? The detail study of the material culture, palaeo-climate, flora, and fauna, micro-wear studies, and other multidisciplinary studies has provided an opportunity to understand and analyse the interaction of the Neolithic population of Burzahom with the Himalayan hinterland and the riverine sites of West Asia. The Frontier Circle of the Archaeological Survey of India made detailed investigations of the site between 1960 and 1971; these were carried out by T.N. Ans : Mehrgarh. Name two Neolothic tools which are used to grind grain even today. It is the northernmost excavated Neolithic site of India. The elevation of the site is 1,800 metres (5,900 ft) above sea-level. The burial practices and type of tools recovered from the site were inferred as having close resemblance to those found in the North Chinese Neolithic culture. [16], The remarkable find during this period was of pits which were inferred as dwelling units; these were in circular or oval shape dug in compact natural Karewa soil formation. The subterranean pit-dwelling of Neolithic men (Aceramic Neolithic/Period I) were cut into the natural soil usually dug out with long stone celts, the cuts-marks of which can still be traced. Name two Neolothic tools which are used to grind grain even today. In the Period II, the finds excavated revealed that people had moved out from pit dwelling to structures built at the ground level. Publications World Heritage Review Series Resource Manuals World Heritage wall map More publications ... Funding World Heritage Fund International Assistance. The pits found were wide at the base and narrow … They are found in Burzahom in Kashmir valley. [3][7][11] Finds of a few copper arrowheads indicated knowledge of metallurgy. Question 5: List three ways in which the lives of farmers and herders would have been different from that of hunter-gatherers. [11], "ASI report says even Neolithic Kashmir had textile industry", "Excavations – Important – Jammu & Kashmir Patna", "Burzahom Archaeological site, India:Neolithic Period finds", "Neolithic Hunting Scene on a Stone Slab from Burzahom, Kashmir", "Extending Kashmiriyat to Embrace Burzahom", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Burzahom_archaeological_site&oldid=989300716, Archaeological sites in Jammu and Kashmir, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 18 November 2020, at 05:20. In the Kashmiri language 'Burzahom' means "birch", a tree species (that generally grows in the elevation range of 3,000 to 4,200 metres (9,800 to 13,800 ft) in the Himalayas), which is found in the excavated housing area in the form of roofing material, and thus confirming the existence of the tree even in the pre-historic Neolithic times. The site is on an ancient Pleistocene lake bed. A pit house (or pithouse) is a large house in the ground (usually circular) used for shelter. The carving on one is not distinct. The pits had steps that led to the bottom. iii) Archaeologists also found traces of huts or pit houses in Burzahom. What were pit-houses and where have they been found? About Prelims Marathon – In this initiative, we post 10 high-quality MCQs daily. Of the implements recovered, the rectangular harvesters with a curved cutting edge with two or more holes on either side, double edged picks in stone, long sized needles with or without eye and the unique borer on a long hollow bone, like the cobbler's poker. These may have provided shelter in cold weather. Pit-houses were built in many parts of northern Europe between the 5th and 12th centuries AD. [6], The first excavation at the Burzahom site was a limited exercise in 1936, carried out by the Yale–Cambridge Expedition headed by Helmut de Terra and Dr. Thomson Paterson. Seven evidences of complete and four incomplete evidences of trepanning of human skulls have also been noted. Each pit is protected and retains its physical stability, demonstrating types of spaces devised by Neolithic society. Gufkral represents another related site in the area, near the town of Tral. Shallow pits of circular shape of 60–91 centimetres (24–36 in) diameter adjoining the housing pits were found to contain bones of animals and also tools made of bones (of antlers used for making tools) and stones (harpoons, needles with or without eyes, awls). Periods I and II provided evidence for wheat, barley and lentil cultivation. The entire site retains its physical integrity and is still set in a landscape that is reminiscent to the natural setting of the Neolithic men approximately in 4th millennium B.C. Answer: Pit-houses were built by people by digging into the ground, with steps leading into them. The Neolithic period is followed by Megalithic culture associated with the erection of massive stones or menhirs, most probably as commemorative establishments. Some of the human skulls found here had trepanning (bored hole) marks. Criteria (v): Sometime at the turn of the fourth millennium BCE, the Neolithic Burzahom appears to the major centres of pre-historic man’s activity in Kashmir. Some historians have stated that the Vedic Aryan culture extended into Kashmir, but archaeological investigation at Burzahom does not support the "Aryans in Kashmir" theory[10], The management and the protection of the Burzahom site, including the buffer zones, are under the jurisdiction of the Archaeological Survey of India and the State Department of Archaeology conforming to the Ancient Monuments and Sites Remains Act 1958 (Amended in 2010). Criteria (iii): The core aspects of the Burzahom Neolithic seem to have originated and organically evolved on the soil of Kashmir, and bear an exceptional testimony to a cultural tradition which has now largely disappeared. [11], This site was nominated on 15 April 2014 for inscription as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, and is yet to be approved.[11]. Consider the following statements with reference to the Neolithic age – 1. A. Burzahom. People in Burzahom lived in rectangular houses. The last level of activity at Burzahom is ascribed to the early historical period and is dateable to 3rd-4th century A.D. Mudbrick structures, pottery manufactured in a wheel and a few metal objects have been found from this era. The results of excavations have provided dynamics of interchange of ideas between central Asia and South West Asia through the valley of Kashmir which acted as  a bridge between higher Himalayas and beyond on the one hand, and Gangetic plains and peninsular India on the other hand during the third millennium B.C. It is 16 kilometres (9.9 mi) to the northwest of Srinagar on the Naseem-Shalimar road. This will help us to improve better. The results of excavations have provided dynamics of interchange of ideas between central Asia and South West Asia through the valley of Kashmir which acted as  a bridge between higher Himalayas and beyond on the one hand, and Gangetic plains and peninsular India on the other hand during the third millennium B.C. [9] Gufkral is located at Banmir village in Hurdumir area of Tral, 5 km from the sub district headquarter. Ans : True. in UP, Kashmir, Bihar and Andhra Pradesh. Pit-house Last updated March 09, 2020 Reconstruction of a pit-house in Authausen, Germany. 9. [14] The economy of the people was found to be based on hunting and gathering with a nascent stage of cultivation practices. The Burzahom site is a prehistoric settlement in the village of the same name in the Srinagar District. Ans : Burzahom. This layer also yielded few copper arrowheads, black-ware pottery, a dish with a hollow stand, globular pot, jar, stem with triangular perforations, a funnel-shaped vase, a wheel made red ware pot with contained 950 beads, beads of areore, agate and carnelian and painted pots, the latter could have been an evidence of a trade. The presence of lentil in the Burzahom Neolithic further explains that the people of Burzahom had wide contacts with Central Asia, a critical evidence of the human movement through mountain passes into the Kashmir valley. Don't shop anywhere else. Burnt birch found in the excavations showed that birch trees must have been common in the area in the Stone Age. Pit houses might have provided shelter in cold weather. Definition: A Pit House was a type of semi subterranean dwelling, built half below the surface of the ground in a deep hole or pit, made with a log frame with the walls and roof being covered with grass, sticks, bark, brush that was covered with earth. The range of tools recovered from the site shows the evolution in tool making Neolithic men skilled hunters and their knowledge in applying the implements for cultivation. In some of the pits the stratification revealed ash and charcoal layers, which denoted human occupancy. [5] The location is in a high terrace which is part of the flood of the Jhelum river and has Karewa soil (clay) formation. In 1944, Mortimer Wheeler, Director General of the Archaeological Survey of India had conducted the first stratified archaeological excavations on the lines of geological model at other sites. Oval pits were dug into the house floor and were plastered with lime and bodies were placed with red-ochre on the bones. Answer: Pit-houses were built by people by digging into the ground, with steps leading into them. Apart from pottery, bones and stone tools like harpoons,  needles with or without eyes, awls used probably for stitching skins, spear-points, arrow-heads and daggers for hunting game, scrapers for treating skins, stone axes, chisels, adzes, pounders, mace-heads, points and picks were used by the Neolithic settlers in this period. Good Morning Friends, We are Posting Today’s Prelims Marathon . The practice of agriculture has been established through the tools and finding of palaeo-botanic analysis. It is 16 kilometres (9.9 mi) to the northwest of Srinagar on the Naseem-Shalimar road. The subterranean pit-dwelling of Neolithic men (Aceramic Neolithic/Period I) were cut into the natural soil usually dug out with long stone celts, the cuts-marks of which can still be traced. 9. C. Kalibanga. These are rough in shape, huge and of considerable weight and height, and are "free-standing". Consider the … Ans. Red ochre was smeared on the bodies before burial. Archaeologists have also found cooking hearths both inside and outside the huts, which suggests that, depending on the weather, people could cook food either indoors or outdoors. At Burzahom too construction of houses is creeped into the plateau. These are found all over the subcontinent. For example in Burzahom (Kashmir) people built pit-houses, which were dug into the ground, with steps leading into them. [15] Pottery made in Burzahom showed close affinity to those found in the Swat valley in Pakistan, particularly in respect of its shapes and decorations of the black ware pottery. [1] Archaeological excavations have revealed four phases of cultural significance between 3000 BC and 1000 BC. Pit-houses were made in _____. Q4: Pit- house have been constructed to get protection from the cold temperatures. The site has a commanding view of the Dal lake which is about 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) away. The interaction of local and foreign influences is demonstrated by the art, architecture, customs, rituals and language demonstrated by some engravings on pottery and other artifacts.. Also found was a wheel turned red ware pot which contained 950 beads made from carnelian and agate (inferred as items for sale), which was thought to belong to the later part of this period. In Burzahom (in present-day Kashmir) people built pit-houses, which were dug into the ground, with steps leading into them. Chirand is a site in Kashmir. Ans. Each pit is protected and retains its physical stability, demonstrating types of spaces devised by Neolithic society. a pit-house is frequently called a sunken featured building and occasionally (grub-)hut or grubhouse, after the German name Grubenhaus. False. For instance, in Burzahom (in present-day Kashmir) people built pit-houses, which were dug into the ground, with steps leading into them. Let’s discuss. The structures built were superior compared to the earlier period, and were made from mud-bricks. They have excavated a cellar here. Ans. The material culture recovered constitutes of a gritty red ware pottery, manufactured in potters wheel, metal objects and few tools made of bone and stone continued. [11][18] Another pottery item which is of interest is a polished black ware in globular shape jar with a long neck and flaring mouth. Crude in finish, the continuity of these types of crude pottery can be seen in today`s Kashmir. It was discovered that the area was occupied by a Neolithic settlement between 3000 and 1500 BC. Some iron antiquaries were also found. [19], An interesting find of this period is of two standalone finished flat stone slabs. This layer is marked by absence of any burial system as well as cultivation. These pits were filled with ash, stones and potsherds. The pits were circular or oval in plan, narrow at the top and wide at the base having (wooden) post holes on the ground level suggesting a birch cover as a protection against the harsh weather. For instance, in Burzahom (in present-day Kashmir) people built pit-houses, which were dug into the ground, with steps leading into them. United Nations, Post-Conflict and Post-Disaster Responses, Astronomy and World Heritage Thematic Initiative, Human Evolution: Adaptations, Dispersals and Social Developments (HEADS), Initiative on Heritage of Astronomy, Science and Technology, Initiative on Heritage of Religious Interest, Natural World Heritage in the Congo Basin, Recommendation on the Historic Urban Landscape, Reducing Disasters Risks at World Heritage Properties, World Heritage and Sustainable Development, World Heritage and Sustainable Tourism Programme, World Heritage Centre’s Natural Heritage Strategy, World Heritage Earthen Architecture Programme (WHEAP). From subterranean dwelling pits, the evidences in the site show the emergence of mud-structures, thereon mud-bricks constructions on level ground. In many pits, bones of dogs and antlered deer were found along with human skeletons. Answer: Mortars and pestles are Neolithic tools used even today for grinding grain. Some of the deep pits had steps and ladder access to the bottom level. The ancient houses found here were semi-subterranean pit houses, partially excavated into the ground. One of the interesting burials recovered is that of five wild dogs and antler's horn. The Tentative Lists of States Parties are published by the World Heritage Centre at its website and/or in working documents in order to ensure transparency, access to information and to facilitate harmonization of Tentative Lists at regional and thematic levels. provided the early Neolithic people of Burzahom protection from the elements during bitter winters in Kashmir.The pits were usually round or oval, and Draw a pit house. The interaction of local and foreign influences are demonstrated by the art, architecture, customs and rituals as also possibly by the language as demonstrated by some graffiti marks on pottery and others. Photo source: Kashmir Network . Skeletal remains of Neolithic people found at Burzahom are similar to those found in Harappa of the Indus Valley Civilization. Q27. Burzahom is in Kashmir. Answer: Pit-houses were built by people by digging into the ground, with steps leading into them. The finds did not indicate of any external ethnic intrusions during the entire Neolithic period but showed more affinity to the Harappan people.[17]. Explanation: Burzahom was the first Neolithic site discovered in Kashmir. [3][11][19][7], Agricultural practices were noted during the Periods I and II and crops grown were inferred as wheat, barley and lentil; finding lentils established a link of the Neolithic people with Central Asia, crossing over the Himalayas. Craftsmanship was superior during this period with finds of wheel made durable hard red ware, copper objects, and tools made of bone and stone. The main attribute of pithouse architecture is a pit dug into the ground that forms the foundation of the house. The remains in the Neolithic site of Burzahom narrates the cultural sequence of human habitation from 3000 BCE to 1000 BCE (Periods I and II belong to the Neolithic period, Period III to the Megalithic period, and Period IV to the Early Historical period (or Post-megalithic period)). The Neolithic Site of Burzahom, in the district of Srinagar, India brings to light transitions in human habitation patterns from Neolithic Period to Megalithic period to the early Historic period. By 2,000 BC, the Neolithic people of Burzahom started to live in mud huts at ground level, and by this time, there is also evidence of multiple burials, usually under house floors or in the compounds. Q5: Name One of the important occupations taken up by the tribes of Middle Stone Age. The pits were circular or oval in plan, narrow at the top and wide at the base having (wooden) post holes on the ground level suggesting a birch cover as a protection against the harsh weather. Archaeologists have found traces of huts or houses at some sites. The excavated pit floors vary from flat to bowl-shaped; they can include prepared floors or not. Rubble structures associated with the Megalithic men have also been found. For instance, in Burzahom (in present-day Kashmir) people built pit-houses, which were dug into the ground, with steps leading into them. The carved figures are distinctly visible. 5. Four periods of continuous occupational sequence at the site were documented over a period of 11 years of investigations from 1960 to 1971. These may have provided shelter in cold weather. The Menhirs, boulders formed due to the varying temperatures, were brought down from the hills with great effort by the people and installed to mark notable events of the community. Criteria (ii): The Neolithic property at Burzahom provides a detailed insight into the material equipment of the Neolithic people when they even did not have invented technique of pottery manufacturing. The sole responsibility for the content of each Tentative List lies with the State Party concerned. a) 1,2 and 3 b) 1 and 2 c) 2 only d) 3 only 4. Sometime at the turn of the fourth millennium BCE, the Neolithic Burzahom appears to the major centres of pre-historic man’s activity in Kashmir. Burzahom's ceramic industry was mostly of hunting based culture and is different from the Chinese Neolithic pottery. They have been found in Burzahom. Apart from stone, antlers were also used for tool-production. [3][4] It is the northernmost excavated Neolithic site of India. Archaeologists have also found cooking hearths both inside and outside the huts, which suggests that, depending on the weather, people could cook food either indoors or outdoors. The detail study of the material culture, palaeo-climate, flora, and fauna, micro-wear studies, and other multidisciplinary studies has provided an opportunity to understand and analyse the interaction of the Neolithic population of Burzahom with the Himalayan hinterland and the riverine sites of West Asia. False. People of those times used to dig shallow pits in the soil and live in them. What were pit-houses and where have they been found? The exposed pits and the layout are well protected. ii) They found bones of domesticated animals like dogs, cattle, sheep, ox, etc. Burzahom – Rectangular Houses 3. Breathtaking images of pipe drainage systems of Sarasvati-Sindhu Civilization Post-holes around the pits revealed that the superstructures were made of wood built over compacted Karewa soil floors. Answer: Mortars and pestles are Neolithic tools used even today for grinding grain. These may have provided shelter in cold weather. They have been found in Burzahom. In the pictures of Burzahom sting to 1960’s one can see endless plain which today has become urban jungle of concrete houses. True. The publication of the Tentative Lists does not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever of the World Heritage Committee or of the World Heritage Centre or of the Secretariat of UNESCO concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its boundaries. Jadeite, found in Daojali Hading, may have been brought from China. The elevation of the site is 1,800 metres (5,900 ft) above sea-level. Integrity: The entire site retains its physical integrity and is still set in a landscape that is reminiscent to the natural setting of the Neolithic men approximately in 4th millennium B.C. Late Kot-Diji type pots were found belonging to Period Ib. Tools and pottery have also been found at various sites. Pit houses vary in plan, from round to oval to square to rectangular. Burzahom represents the southernmost extent of what is known as Northern Neolithic culture of Asia. Mehrgarh – Burials with Grave goods Which of the above pairs is/are correctly matched? Q6: Burial is an arrangement for _____. The correct answer is option (d). Parts of northern Europe between the 5th and 12th centuries AD and domestication of animals correctly matched of based... Lake which is about 2 kilometres ( 9.9 mi ) to the Neolithic Age – 1, ox etc... Tools used even today for grinding grain development in finish, the site is on ancient. Ways in which the lives of farmers and herders it was discovered that the superstructures made... Emergence of mud-structures, thereon mud-bricks constructions on level ground soil floors and lentil cultivation Just,! System as well as cultivation the nature of dwelling spaces among early societies and pestles are Neolithic tools are! In shape, huge and of considerable weight and height, and are `` ''. 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Posting today ’ s Prelims Marathon people by digging into the ground, which dug... Cooking hearthsboth inside and outside the huts some instances accompanied with animal skeletal remains headed dolichocranic.! As well as cultivation are you with the answer in Authausen, Germany statements with reference to bottom... Srinagar on the Naseem-Shalimar road pits were generally broad at the site shows the... Devised by Neolithic society superstructures were made from mud-bricks, found in positions! The stone and bone-wares of this period shows distinct development in finish Posting ’... With Grave goods which of the human skulls have also found cooking hearthsboth inside outside... Pit-Houses were built by people by digging into the ground level using the sides the... Names are listed in the Srinagar District the content of each Tentative List lies with the State Party the... Absence of any burial system as well as cultivation gufkral represents another site! By a Neolithic settlement between 3000 BC and 1000 BC after the German name Grubenhaus excavated Neolithic to. Centuries AD across signs of burials sites. [ 11 ] Friends We! Bihar, UP, Burzahom and Andhra Pradesh charcoal layers, which were dug into the,... Rough in shape, huge and of considerable weight and height, and plastered... The sub District headquarter each pit is protected and retains its physical stability, demonstrating types crude... The Indus Valley Civilization property names are listed in the form that has excavated... And of considerable weight and height, and were made from mud-bricks by people digging... The area in the nature of dwelling spaces among early societies in plan, from round to oval to to! Birch found in Daojali Hading, may have been brought from China 1500 BC rough in,. Sites. [ 11 ], the finds excavated revealed that the inhabitants were hunting and farming a view. To grind grain even today responsibility for the content of each Tentative List lies with Megalithic... Well protected ( or pithouse ) is a prehistoric settlement in the form has.